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2010年1月19日 星期二

PMI_TW電子報第四期_專欄文章




Proving The Value of Risk Management(特別感謝范淼博士翻譯此專欄!)
Dear Risk Doctor,
Risk management is considered by management to be a waste of time and money if nothing happens. How can project managers convince management and decision-makers that risk management is a good investment and necessary, even if an actual event does not occur?

Yours hopefully,
Project Manager

Dear hopeful Project Manager,
You raise an important and vexing question for risk practitioners – how do we prove we’re adding value?! I have a three-part answer:


  1. Firstly, in old-style implementations of risk management that focus only on threats, you’re right that successful risk management means “nothing happens” (or at least no unexpected problems happen). In line with Popper’s Falsifiability Principle, we know it’s impossible to prove a negative, even though absence of evidence is not evidence of absence. So we couldn’t say for certain that investing in risk management was positively correlated with lack of problems. However now we have a new view of risk which includes opportunities as well as threats. Now successful risk management results in avoiding problems as before, but we also create additional value through maximising and exploiting opportunities. And of course this can be measured. So perhaps we can create a demonstrable and measurable “Risk Management ROI” in this way.
  2. Secondly, while we cannot run a project twice so we have no control for proving risk management effectiveness, we can learn from experience over time. Organisations which have been tracking project performance over the years can demonstrate that as risk management maturity increases, so does project success. What gets measured gets improved. And nothing beats demonstrating success to get the attention of management!
  3. Thirdly, senior management will quickly realise and accept the value of risk management when they understand the close link between risk and objectives. They understand the need to “spend to save”, and will be looking for a payoff from risk management in terms of more successful achievement of project and business objectives. When they see those benefits then their commitment will be reinforced yet further.

I hope that answers your question adequately and that you manage to persuade your management to invest in managing risk.
With best wishes,
The Risk Doctor


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親愛的風險醫師:
風險管理在什麼都沒發生的情況下,會被管理階層認為是浪費時間及金錢的。專案經理應如何說服管理與決策者,既使沒有實際發生什麼事件,風險管理也是個好投資而且是必要的?
滿心期待的專案經理

親愛的滿心期待的專案經理:
你提出了一個對風險實務工作者而言重要且困擾的問題—我們如何證明我們是有附加價的?
我對此的回答分為三部分:


  1. 首先,在舊式僅專注於威脅的風險管理執行上,你是對的,成功的風險管理意味著「沒有事發 生」(或至少是沒有不期盼的問題生)。根據帕伯(Popper)的可證否原則,我們知道對『沒有(其存在)的證據不能當作其不存在的證據』此一說法,是不可能做出否定的證明的,所以,我們當然不能說風險管理投資與不會有問題間是正相關的。然而,我們現在有一個新的風險管理觀點涵蓋了機會及威脅。現在成功的風險管理仍像過去一樣可導致問題的規避;但是,我們也經由對機會的開拓與極大化創造了額外的價值,同時這些當然是可以衡量。因此,也許我們可以用這種方式建立可展示及衡量的「風險管理投資報酬率」。
  2. 其次,因為我們不能對同一個專案執行兩次,所以我們不能在有對照控制下證明風險管理的效益,然而我們可以從時間中學到經驗。長年追蹤專案績效的組織可以顯示,當風險管理成熟度增加時,專案成功的機率也跟著增加。可以衡量了就可以改善,沒有東西比展現成功更能引起管理階層注意。
  3. 第三,資深的管理階層在瞭解到風險與目標間的密切關聯後,將會迅速理解並接受風險管理的價值。他們瞭解「支出以求得節省」的需要,並且尋求因風險管理使得專案及企業在目標的達成上獲致更大成功的報酬。當他們看到這些利益後,他們將更進一步強化其承諾。
    我希望這些可以適切地回答你的問題,並且讓你可以有效地說服你的管理階層投資於風險管理

祝你好運
風險醫師

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PMI_TW電子報第三期_專欄文章


The Value of Project Management

Many brand-new PMPRs at Taiwan are enthusiastic about promoting project management in their company. But much to their disappointment, they often lacked support from their top management and were swamped by their colleague’s complaints, such as too many documents, too often meetings, daunting procedures, and, no time to do work, etc. After a while, their enthusiasm was dissipated and the project management implementation initiative just disappeared like ripples in a pond. Is there any solution to solve this problem? In my perspective, to communicate clearly the value of project management is the crucial point.

Value does matter
“Values are the basic convictions that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence. They contain a judgmental element in that they carry an individual’s ideas as to what is right, good, or desirable. Values tend to be relatively stable and enduring”

According to the above quotation from the popular organization behavior textbook written by Robbins and Judge, we can infer that once the value of project management was established in an organization, the top management will consider the institutionalization of project management is right and they will commit the company resources to the implementation of project management for long rather than an impromptu as filed in various lessons learned. We can also infer that the project managers will recognize that running projects using the project management methodology is the norm rather than exception, and proper documents, meetings and procedures are necessary for the benefits of both projects and the company in the long run, and most importantly, they will persevere at running project with project management disciplines no matter how hard the environment is. By the same argument, the project team members will deem that following the project management procedures is what they should do, and appreciate that disciplined project management can help them do right things from the right start, avoid unnecessary rework and overtime, and they will cooperate with the project managers from their heart.

The cognition gap
Though we, project management practitioners, consider the value of project management is so apparent that there is no need to overemphasize it, a popular textbook written by Hill and Jones on strategy management doesn’t even mention the word “project management” once in the sections about “value chain”2. They clearly state the value creation roles of primary activities (research and development, production, marketing and sales, and, service) and support activities (company infrastructure, human resources, and, materials management). The above mentioned fact has a great influence on the cognition of the value of project management by top management. Because this textbook is used by many MBA programs, many top managers learned strategy management just from here. They had no idea about the value of project management, because the textbook doesn’t mention that there is any role played by project management in the value creation process of a company. All the project management practitioners know that projects are the main instruments in the company to integrate all these primary activities and support activities to produce products, services and results which are beneficial to the company stakeholders. Without projects most of the promises to the company stakeholders will be hard to be realized. This is the reason why we need to communicate the value of project management to the top managers.

The environment here is even worse here than developed western countries. The companies at Taiwan are mostly medium to small size, and, are owned and run by family—the boss is the law. If we cannot convince the boss the value of project management, the promotion of project management is just like fighting a campaign without any hope of success.

Numbers tell
According to the survey (with 1,867 respondents) by Tomas et al3, they captured the following insights into the value placed on project management in today's organizations:

  1. 82% agree that project management is used to increase the likelihood of delivering successful projects
  2. While 60% agree, "projects are usually aligned with my company's strategic plans," 60% disagree that projects within their company are usually completed on schedule or on budget.
  3. 73% agree that project management enhances customer satisfaction
  4. 71% agree that project management enhances their firm's performance in non-financial ways.

If the above figures are not convincing enough, the Center for Business Practices (CBP), the research arm of PM Solutions, has conducted industry-wide studies using a balanced family of measures that document the value of project management to organizations4. In those studies, 97% of the respondents say project management adds value to their organizations. By implementing project management improvement initiatives, organizations have on average returned the following value:

What we should do next
It can be expected that there are still some antagonists claiming the above data are not convincing because of the difference between cultures and environments. Truly, much of the quantitative data about the value of project management we can show now are from developed western countries, which are much more mature on project management than us. I suggest that PMI Taiwan chapter continuously sponsors graduate student research programs surveying Taiwanese companies on the value of project management, contrasting with western countries, and observing the trends. After a few years, we will have solid local data base to convince anyone the value of project management on Taiwanese companies and to obtain their commitment to implement it.

  1. Robbins, S. P. and Judge, T. A., Organizational Behavior, 12th Ed., Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2007, pp. 108-109.
  2. Hill, C. W. L. and Jones, G. R., Strategic Management: An integrated Approach, 4th Ed., Houghton Mifflin Company, New York, 1998, pp. 119-123.
  3. Thomas, J., Delisle, C. L. and Jugdev, K., Selling Project Management to Senior Executives: Framing the Moves that Matter, Project Management Institute, 2002.
  4. “The Value of Project Management: Validating the positive impacts of project management on organizations,” PM Solutions White Paper Series, Project Management Solutions, Inc., 2002.


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PMI_TW電子報第二期_專欄文章




PMP們所應面對的挑戰
台灣目前已產生了近2,700位的PMP,即每一萬個台灣人中就有1.2位是PMP,且台灣的PMP數已佔全球約23萬PMP的1.17%(即每100位PMP中就至少有一位是來自於台灣);且台灣是亞洲國家中僅次於印度為PMP成長第二高的國家,況本會預估到2007年底會突破3.500位、2008年則至少5,000位。有這樣亮麗的成績,台灣每一位的PMP都應與有榮焉。然而,每一位剛出爐的PMP在興奮高興之餘卻應立即冷靜的思考〝接下來,我要如何證明獲得這張PMP證照絕不是『浪得虛名』?〞因為您的老闆、同事或部屬可能會在欽羡您的同時就開始觀察您的「功力」了,或開始對您執行的專案給予厚望,而您若是一位有PMP的專案經理可能更要開始承受如何證明自己「名實相符」的壓力,就算您只是一位專案成員,您亦可能被期許能輔佐PM而成功達成專案的目標。

1998年我在美完成博士學位返台前,歷經兩次PMP艱苦的考試(當年的PMP考試是要花7.5個小時考八個單元【知識體】、每單元40題共320題「五選一」選擇題,且考試平均通過率低於30%),我雖在喬治華盛頓大學修過大師級的教授Dr. William Wells的Program/Project Management課而具備有35小時知識學習的條件,事實上,卻完全是以自修方式研讀PMBOK Guide96年版來準備PMP。當我第二次又煎熬了近8個小時而終於過關後,感覺上比我博士論文口試「全壘打」時還興奮。在當時,考試通過並不代表就可獲得PMP資格,除了要提送所有相關學歷、工作與專案經歷資料外,還需檢附三封推薦函,且通常要等待一個月由PMI的一個認證委員會對每位申請者進行資格鑑定及〝驗明正身〞;故常有人因不符資格要求(如專案經驗)就算考試過了還是無法如願以償,而只有申請文件確認無誤者才會被正式授予PMP證書,所以當年要能考上PMP確實是一件非常不容易且是感到無上光榮的事,最重要是那時候的PMP們比較不會被質疑其價值與專業性(最起碼,一定曾有專案的實務經驗)。這也是當年我自認自己具近十餘年主持與參與各重要大型專案的經驗,若不拿一張這樣的證照以證明自己的能力,實在是對不起自己。

時至今日,PMP產生方式無論是資格鑑定的門檻(只有10%~20%PMP報考者會被隨機抽中而需檢驗資格且無需推荐函,未被抽中者就〝自動〞被視為符合報考資格),還是考試的難度都已大幅降低(改以五大流程方式考200題,且把「五選一」改為「四選一」),另考試的時間縮短為4小時(減少應考者在考場所需承受的壓力與耐力),加上有8種不同語言的〝Language Aid〞等原因而使通過率持續提昇。然而這樣的蓬勃發展,除了象徵著專案管理專業的興盛與普及外,它是否即意謂者擁有PMP的專案管理者於實際規劃執行時能確保專案的成功呢?我對此則一直是持相當保留態度。

我常說〝拿到PMP是一回事,是否會作專案又是另一回事;尤其千萬不要以為PMBOK Guide中所學的所有知識與技術都可順理成章地變成您專案的『護身符』。〞且從學習理論、瞭解知識到實作通常會是有一段距離。〝其實,PMBOK Guide中所教導許多重要觀念、知識與技術,有許多在台灣是根本行不通的,這與我們的文化、(與西方國家比較)相對不成熟的商業環境與工作態度是有關的。〞而有PMP證照者僅能證明其專案管理的知識與技術是OK而已,卻未能保證其專案的成功。特別是,當越來越多的人拿到PMP證照,而其中多數的人無法因此而提昇專案成效,加上現在有大比例的PMP 是未有專案的經驗,如此會使PMP的價值會被逐漸的貶低。

當然,沒有任何人能否認考到一張PMP是要參加至少35小時的「專案管理九個知識體與五個流程」的課程、花上可能最少3個月的時間的準備(包括作上千題的模擬題)、耗費5~10萬台幣的上課與考試的錢,加上考場中所受的煎熬等所有辛苦的付出;故其所應相對獲得之實際價值是無庸置疑的-也就是說-一個受過這樣知識洗禮的PMP,理論上會比未有此證照者是值得信賴的。然而,任何一種證照,幾乎都只能證明獲照者本身的『知』,卻無法確保他/她的『行』。而所謂的『行』就是『實戰力』,也就是專業『勝任能力(Competence) 』,而所謂的Competence就是一個影響工作最後表現的綜合力量,所包含的內容中,知識與技術也只是其中的一部份,它還要具備能力(Capability)、態度(Attitudes)、行為(Behavior)以及某種人格特質(Personality)。

我希望目前的PMP們都有責任去維護這張證照的專業地位,並要能接受後續相關的挑戰;並應告訴自己〝取得PMP只是一個開始,要證明自己的『實戰力』仍有相當長的路子要走。〞這也是PMI要求PMP們需每3年累積60個PDU的原因之一(且最少20個PDU要來自於持續的學習)。身為PMI-Taiwan的理事長、PMI-REP諮詢委員、PMI資深會員(1996年迄今11年)以及台灣第一個PMP(#10973),我的使命感是從本分會於1999年的創會開始迄今(與中華專案管理學會)推動專案管理的知識與證照,如今還更希望能帶領著我們的PMP們不斷的成長、接受考驗、強化專業、開創更好的未來。PMI-Taiwan目前所能作的雖然有限,但我們期許提供更佳的會員服務、建立更好的交流平台,既努力把專案管理知識「在地化」(如《繁體中文PMBOK Guide第三版》的翻譯出版),又把大家帶入「國際化」(如11/2-11/4的IPFM2007國際會議的舉辦)。這是我們的責任,還真是「捨我其誰」?

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PMI_TW電子報創刊號_專欄文章




Risk is defined in two dimensions: uncertainty and effect on objectives. ...

Risk is defined in two dimensions: uncertainty and effect on objectives. It is common to use the terms “probability” and “impact” to describe these two dimensions, and assessing the significance of any given risk means considering both. It is relatively simple to assess effect on objectives, since this merely requires defining the situation after the risk has occurred, and then imagining what happens: “If this risk occurred, what would the effect be?” Probability is not so easy however. Risk practitioners and project teams alike experience repeated difficulty in assessing the probability that a given risk might occur. There are a number of reasons for this.

•Language. In English, different words are often used interchangeably to describe the uncertainty dimension of a risk, such as “probability”, “frequency”, “likelihood” or “chance”. In fact these do not mean the same thing, and confusion can arise if the terms are misused. For example “frequency” describes how often an event or set of circumstances is expected to occur based on previous experience, either in a period of time (e.g. once per year) or in a number of trials (e.g. seven times out of ten). So frequency really applies to repeatable events. This is not the same as “probability” which is a statistical term describing how likely a single uncertain event or set of circumstances is to occur. One solution is to use a more general term such as “likelihood”, and recognise two variants called “probability” (for single events) and “frequency” (for repeatable events).
•Format. The uncertainty dimension of a risk can be expressed in several ways, including both numerical and textual formats, such as: 35%, “once per month”, 2:7, “unlikely”, “one in six times”, 10-4, “low probability”, 0.2, and so on. Most people have problems interpreting different numerical formats, and even the textual phrases can mean different things. This problem can best be overcome by education, as well as using a set of agreed definitions which everyone understands.
•Subjectivity. Assessment of probability requires forming an opinion about a future event or set of circumstances which have not yet happened. Different people will take different views about the future, and there is no “single right answer” since the future has not yet happened. Risk probability cannot be measured, only estimated. Assessments of the uncertain future are influenced by many factors, including perceptual filters, motivational bias, cognitive bias, or subconscious heuristics. The solution here is to take a team-based approach, exploring different perspectives, examining underlying assumptions, and reaching consensus wherever possible. Sources of bias should also be understood and corrected where possible.
•Lack of data. Some risks have never been experienced before, especially those relating to the unique aspects of projects. In other cases, even though a risk might have been encountered previously, there may be no record of its existence due to absence of a learning mechanism (such as a knowledge base or checklist). As a result there is no body of evidence to assist in estimating the probability of occurrence of these novel risks. Addressing these shortfalls requires acknowledging that some areas lack relevant previous experience, as well as implementing an effective lessons-to-be-learned process (e.g. a post-project review).
All this matters for two reasons:

•Faulty probability assessment means risks will be wrongly prioritised, leading to a failure to focus on the most significant risks, selection of inappropriate responses, inability to manage risks effectively, and loss of confidence in the risk process.
•Sound assessment of risk probability improves the understanding of each risk, allowing appropriate prioritisation, better response selection, enhanced risk management effectiveness, and more reliable achievement of project and business objectives.
We need to understand the problems associated with assessing probability, and take action to address the concerns, by using appropriate language and formats, identifying and managing sources of bias, learning lessons to improve the effectiveness of the probability assessment process, and monitoring risk management performance to determine the accuracy of assessed risk probability.


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風險是以兩個向度:不確定性與對目標的影響來定義的,一般用「機率」與「衝擊」描 述這兩個向度,而評估風險的嚴重性意指同時考慮兩者。評估對目標的影響是相對容易的,因 為只需要定義風險發生後的情況,然後想像:「如果這個風險發生,其影響為何?」然而,機 率就不是那麼容易了,風險實務專家與專案團隊在評估某特定風險可能發生的機率時都會一再 碰到困難,以下是一些這些困難的原因:

•語意 通常會交替使用不同的詞彙來描述風險的不確定性向度;如「機率」、「頻率」、「可能 性」、或「機會」,事實上這些詞彙代表不同意義,如果誤用了會造成混淆。例如「頻率 」是描述基於過去的經驗,預期一個事件或一組狀況多常發生,可以是在一段期間(如一 年一次)或數次嘗試中(10次中有7次),因此頻率是應用在可重複的事件上的,這和用 以描述一個單一不確定事件或一組狀況有多可能發生的統計名詞「機率」是不同的。一種 解決方法是用更一般化的詞彙如「可能性」,並認知兩個相異的詞彙「機率」(用於單一 事件)與「頻率」(對重複事件)。
•格式 風險的不確定向度有7種表達方式,包括數字及文字格式,如:35%、「每月1次」、2:7 、「不可能」、「6次中1次」、10- 4、「機率低」、0.2等,大部分人有解讀數字格式的問題,既使是文句也可能代表不同意 義。這種問題最好是由教育來克服,並且使用大家都能瞭解的定義。
•主觀 機率的評估需要對尚未發生的未來事件或一組狀況形成一個看法,不同的人對未來有不同 觀點,由於未來尚未發生所以沒有「單一的正確答案」。風險機率無法衡量只能估計,對 不確定未來的評估被許多因素所影響,包括感知的過濾、動機偏差、認知偏差、以及潛意 識的直覺。解決方法是採取一個以團隊為基礎的途徑、探究不同的觀點、檢驗內在的假定 、以及盡可能取得共識,偏差的來源也應該盡可能瞭解並改正。
•資料缺乏 有些風險是過去從來不曾經歷過的,特別是和專案特殊面向有關的風險。另外,既使風險 可能之前經歷過,也可能因為缺乏學習機制(如知識庫或檢查清單)而沒有其存在的紀錄 ,因而導致沒有具體證據可用來協助估計此一新風險的發生機率,應付此種缺失需要瞭解 某些領域缺乏之前的相關經驗,並且實行有效的教訓檢討程序(如一個專案的結案後檢討 )。
以上這些之所以需考慮是基於以下兩個原因

•錯誤的機率評估代表風險將有錯誤的優先等級,導致無法專注在最嚴重的風險上、選擇了 不適當的風險回應、沒有有效管理風險的能力、以及對風險程序失去信心。
•健全的風險機率評估,可增進對每一個風險的瞭解、得到適當的優先等級、選擇較佳的風 險回應、增進風險管理效益、以及更可靠地達成專案與企業目標。 我們需要瞭解關於風險評估的問題,並採取行動來因應,經由使用適當的語意與格式、 辨識並管理偏差的來源、從教訓中學習以改進機率評估程序的效果、以及監督風險管理績效以 決定評估風險機率的精確性。


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2010年1月18日 星期一



引言 67 期 電子報
內容 敬請期待
發佈文章

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2009年11月6日 星期五

棋語:從【卒】蛻變成【車】的菜鳥工程師





本文首載:ZDNET/CIO的天空

卒子挺過河,臭蟲變成龍。


   【卒】是一盤局棋中最不被看重棋子,還沒有挺過河前,說它是臭蟲,一點也不為過。
以行動力來說,【卒】一次只可以走一步,在攻擊上並沒有【車】、【馬】的迅速,再加上【卒】的位置是在第一線,它的緩慢的行動力常會阻礙後方主力(【車】、【馬】)的前進;且【卒】過河前,只能往一個方向前進,因此,又被歸類為無法靈活變通的一群。


若以IT專案來看,【卒】這樣一個角色有點像是菜鳥工程師,因為技術能力尚淺,他無法像技術經理(【車】)有著十足的行動力以及洞見,能滿足客戶的需求。

就像【卒】未過河前一樣,菜鳥工程師沒有靈活應對與處理事件的本能,只會一步又一步的照著標準作業程序(SOP)往前走,若是碰到突發狀況,多半只會站著不動、等著被吃(指被客戶罵)。

另一方面,由於其欠缺專案經驗及客戶應對能力,是故,若讓菜鳥工程師獨自與客戶溝通,不僅會導致許多(美麗的?)誤會,還會把專案導向不可知的未來。

所以在專案初期,大部份的菜鳥工程師都待在客戶端支援(因為技術經理或是專案經理,手頭上可能都有多個專案在同時進行),技術經理或專案負責人多半不會派菜鳥工程師與客戶溝通。

事實上,極多數的專案Leader對菜鳥工程師的心態就如同多數的棋手會直接忽略位處兩軍對戰第一線的小【卒】子:可以用就用,如果不能用,就直接讓它被犧牲掉…


從卒變(半個)車

但【卒】在整盤的棋局中,真的那麼沒有用?

【卒】或許阻礙了我方的【車】、【馬】的前進,但它相對地也阻礙了敵方兵馬的前進,特別是當它被挺過河的時候。不相信?讓我來舉個例子給大家聽。以我的下棋習慣,如果有機會,我一定會把【卒】挺到對方的家中,先不論攻擊力的部份,一隻【卒】基本上至少可以壓到一隻【馬】的前進。

菜鳥工程師也是一樣。

確實沒錯,我相信一開始不大有企業客戶會願意將自家主機交由一個菜鳥工程師維護。比較常見的狀況是,菜鳥工程師因本身的局限,甚難直接「挺」到客戶端去,需要業務、技術經理、或專案經理的護航或保證,企業客戶才有可能對菜鳥工程師產生信任。

不過,隨著信賴程度的增加,菜鳥工程師也有機會一步一步的挺進客戶的核心業務,進行系統主機維護服務。理由在於,雖然菜鳥工程師一開始維運的系統多為非核心系統,但隨著維護時間的加長,技術經理、專案經理等同仁的情義相挺與協助,客戶將慢慢地認同菜鳥工程師的能力,並且將再更重要的核心系統交給其維護。

上述這種發展脈絡其實與下棋有點像。

一隻小【卒】子(菜鳥工程師),隻身在敵方(企業客戶端)是很容易陣亡的,但如果有【車】(技術經理)在後頭提供支援與協助,那該名菜鳥工程師的影響力也將相對加成。


當菜鳥工程師逐一了解、上手非核心與核心系統後,其將變成最有機會接觸與了解客戶的整體主機系統架構與狀況的人員,必要時,還可因時制宜地依客戶需求(系統狀況),提供合宜的系統調整規劃與議建。

成功向客戶展現能力並取得客戶認同後,菜鳥工程師在企業客戶的眼裡機乎等同於半個技術經理,而這正如同棋局:一隻【卒】只要挺過河,幾乎就等同於半隻【車】。

當然,若直接派遣技術經理到客戶端,也有相同效果。只不過,技術經理的成本較高,且一個組織中不大可能有太多位技術經理(就如同棋局中,【車】只有兩隻,而【卒】確有五隻一樣)。

如此看來,您是不是也認同菜鳥工程師(【卒】)的投資報酬率較高。

大家可以想一想,如果我成功的把五個菜鳥工程師挺過河,等於我一口氣多了2.5 (5 X 0.5) 個技術經理,若再加上原先的那兩個,我擁有的技術經理人數將遠超過競爭對手(可能還是只有原來的那兩個),而這意味著我的敗落機會將小上許多。


如何助卒變車?

但該如何將菜鳥工程師挺過河?是不是只要跟菜鳥工程師說一聲,他就可以自己游到對岸去?我想這肯定是專案管理者(或企業)最常犯的錯:叫一個菜鳥工程師在沒有任何資源(支援)下,自己游到對岸去(美其名是在鍛鍊他)。

在我的經驗中,這類做法最終結果多不外乎…小【卒】子在過河的當中就溺斃了;除非,這個小【卒】子本身就據有技術經理的潛能。

若真如此,這個小【卒】子游(經)過這次後,他的等級也幾乎會躍升成一個技術經理。

而且,其若沒有被合理地升級,這個從菜鳥工程師(【卒】)蛻變成技術經理(【車】)極可能會選擇走人。而這絕對是公司不樂見的情況,因為,公司除得承擔損失一個人才的風險,還得做好因此連代損失客戶的心理準備。

我以為,讓菜鳥工程師順利挺過河的前提是,有技術經理(【車】)、專案經理、或者是資深技術工程師的護航(有時候,還可以利用聲東擊西的方式,讓小【卒】子一不小心就過了河)。

換句話說,要做好護航、或者說培育菜鳥工程師,公司必須有很好的資源調度能力,尤其是多個專案同時進行時,如何利用少數的高級資源(【車】、【馬】、【砲】)讓公司內部眾多的小【卒】子都可以挺過河,皆是挑戰公司資源調度(佈局)的能力。

你呢?能成功的讓你的小【卒】子過河嗎?還是因廉價而把它犧牲掉?

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棋語:如何佈個好局(專案) by 杜奕鋒, PMP





本文首載:ZDNET/CIO的天空


       能佈好局,多半也能順利經營專案團隊。

       認識我的人,或多或少都知道我喜歡下棋,以前辦公桌的位子後面,也有個可以隨時擺上一盤棋的圓桌。常常在午餐過後,招呼幾個同事,便開始對弈,快的時候,午休結束前便能結束一盤棋。

但高手過招總會有僵持不下的狀況,無法在午休前結束的棋局,便成了我下午調劑身心的工具─做事做累了,便轉過身來獨自思考尚未結束的棋局,疏緩一下因公事而打結的大腦;往往棋結未解,腦結就鬆了,再重新組織一下公事的架構,即可再繼續奮戰下去了。

很多人以為我喜歡下棋是因為我是箇中高手,其實不然,勝敗仍兵家常事,棋之所以引人入勝,在於棋勢的變化與下棋者的用人、用兵能力有關……說穿了,不外乎一個字─局。

【車】之所以會成為一盤棋中最容易且最常被使用的棋子,與所有的人都會希望自己可以五隻○車打這個天下有關,但很可惜,棋盤上永遠只允許兩隻【車】。那如何善用這兩隻【車】?讓他能盡其才的發揮最大效果?我想,這也是吸引下棋人的真正關鍵。

又或者有人真可以擁有五隻【車】,但要如何避免每隻【車】陷入單打獨鬥、孤獨地戰死沙場的狀況?

一盤棋代表的並不單單只是一盤棋,它的內涵往往是一個專案團隊的經營、人才/人力的運用及掌握:一個局。

此話怎說?

以技術經理為例,技術經理的好用,眾所皆知。在專案無法順利攻下來前,技術經理可以憑藉著其在技術上的熟悉,以及身兼pre-sale的身份,贏得客戶的信心、進而托付專案。

在專案進度落後時,技術經理則可憑藉著其對技術的熟練設法追上工程師等人延誤的進度。至於在專案遇到技術瀕頸時,技術經理則會以其獨特的嗅覺發現問題所在、找到解決方式。

有技術經理從頭到尾的參與協助,沒有什麼案子是攻不下來的,也沒有什麼案子是解不了的;校長兼撞鐘,只要技術經理一個人就可以通包了─其實,技術經理就是那一隻【車】。

但一盤棋到底能有幾隻【車】?一個公司又能聘僱幾個真正有能力的技術經理?(也是有公司一輩子都沒辦法錄取到的!)技術經理太好用了,但若一家公司只錄用技術經理等級的人物,其它的一概不錄用,會是怎樣一個光景?我想最有可能的情況有二:

第一,這家公司只找到了兩個人,然後就找不到人了;最慘的是,這兩個技術經理可能每天都還要自己倒拉圾。

第二,這間公司真的是攻無不克,沒有打不下的案子、結不了的案,但因為技術經理們每天都要自己倒垃圾、洗廁所、打掃辦公室等,造成太多無謂人力成本的浪費,最後,這間公司因為付不出薪水而倒了。

一個優秀的員工可以幫一家公司打天下,這並不特別,因為那個人本來很優秀,而不是那間公司有什麼獨到或厲害的地方。真正厲害且獨到的是,公司能讓看來不怎麼優秀的人才協助攻估天下(例如:麥當勞,用90%的工讀生,打遍了世界每一個角落)。

是的,我的意思就是,專案團隊之所以能順利營運,重點往往不在於【車】、或者是技術經理,而是那一個局。試想,當我的【車】被犧牲掉時,或者我根本就還沒有找到心目中的【車】時,我還有機會贏嗎?

作者現任CSC集團台灣澳圖美德(AUTOMATED)資訊長。中央大學數學系畢。專精於商業流程設計、資料庫系統維管理及系統整合,並分別在企業及IT業界有過資料庫規劃、ERP系統導入經驗。也曾授課於崑山大學、永達技術學院、關渡基督書院。



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